Factors associated with reporting of abuse against children and adolescents by nurses within Primary Health Care / Fatores associados à notificação de maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes realizada por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Factores asociados a la notificación del maltrato en niños y adolescentes realizada por enfermeros en la Atención Primaria a la Salud

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors associated with the underreporting on the part of nurses within Primary Health Care of abuse against children and adolescents. METHOD: cross-sectional study with 616 nurses. A questionnaire addressed socio-demographic data, profession, instrumentation and knowledge on the topic, identification and reporting of abuse cases. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: female nurses, aged between 21 and 32 years old, not married, with five or more years since graduation, with graduate studies, and working for five or more years in PHC predominated. The final regression model showed that factors such as working for five or more years, having a reporting form within the PHC unit, and believing that reporting within Primary Health Care is an advantage, facilitate reporting. CONCLUSION: the study's results may, in addition to sensitizing nurses, support management professionals in establishing strategies intended to produce compliance with reporting as a legal device that ensures the rights of children and adolescents. .

OBJETIVO: analisar os fatores associados à notificação de maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes, realizada por enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, realizado com 616 enfermeiros. Foi utilizado um questionário contendo dados sociodemográficos, formação profissional, instrumentação e conhecimento sobre o tema, identificação e notificação de casos de maus-tratos. Análises bivariada e multivariada por regressão logística foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: predominaram enfermeiros do sexo feminino, na faixa etária entre 21 e 32 anos, não casados, com cinco ou mais anos de formado, com pós-graduação e com cinco ou mais anos de trabalho. O modelo logístico final evidenciou que fatores como tempo de trabalho de cinco ou mais anos, a unidade de saúde possuir a ficha de notificação, saber para onde encaminhar os casos, não ter medo de envolvimento legal e achar vantajosa a notificação na atenção primária facilitam a efetivação do ato notificatório. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados desta pesquisa, além de sensibilizar os enfermeiros para o problema, poderão ser utilizados pelos profissionais da gestão na orientação de estratégias para o cumprimento da notificação como dispositivo legal de garantia dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes. .

OBJETIVO: analizar los factores asociados a la notificación de maltrato en niños y adolescentes realizado por enfermeros que actúan en la Atención Primaria a la Salud. MÉTODO: estudio transversal realizado con 616 enfermeros. Fue utilizado un cuestionario conteniendo datos sociodemográficos, formación profesional, instrumentación y conocimiento sobre el tema, identificación, y notificación de casos de maltrato. Análisis bivariado y multivariado por regresión logística. RESULTADOS: predominaron enfermeros del sexo femenino, en la franja etaria de 21 a 32 años, no casados, con cinco o más años de graduación, con postgraduación y con cinco o más años de trabajo. El modelo logístico final evidenció que factores como tiempo de trabajo de cinco o más años, la unidad de salud poseer ficha de notificación, saber para donde encaminar los casos, no tener miedo de involucramiento legal y encontrar ventaja en la notificación en la atención primaria, son aspectos que facilitan la efectividad del acto de la notificación. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados de esta investigación, además de sensibilizar a los enfermeros para el problema, podrán ser utilizados por profesionales de la gestión en la orientación de estrategias para el cumplimiento de la notificación como dispositivo legal de garantía de los derechos de niños y adolescentes. .

El antígeno carcinoembrionario: a propósito de un viejo conocido / The carcinoembryonic antigen: by the way a well-known friend

The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is glycoprotein localized in the apical surface of mature enterocytes. The members of the CEA gene family are clustered on chromosome 19q13.2. It is formed by 29 genes, of which 18 are expressed. Many functions of CEA have been known in healthy individuals, however its role as cell adhesion molecule is the most studied. Besides the colon, CEA is expressed in the stomach, tongue, oesophagus, cervix, and prostate. The most important clinical function is in colorectal, gastric and ovary cancer. It is used as prognosis marker, staging system, recurrence, treatment response and liver metastases. There are many no neoplasic-diseases that enhance CEA value. Actually, the CEA is being studying as target of immunotherapy.

El antígeno carcinoembrionario (ACE) es una glucoproteína localizada en el polo apical de los enterocitos. Los genes que codifican para el ACE se localizan en el cromosoma 19q13.2. El grupo total está constituido por 29 genes, divididos en tres subgrupos de los cuales se expresan sólo 18. En el individuo sano existen múltiples funciones del ACE que han sido ampliamente estudiadas, su función como molécula de adhesión ha sido la más ampliamente difundida. En pacientes sanos además de expresarse a nivel de colon el ACE se expresa en células de la lengua, esófago, estómago, cervix y próstata. Los pacientes que reciben una mayor utilidad clínica son aquellos con cáncer colorrectal (CCR), cáncer gástrico y cáncer de ovario. Su uso más amplio es en el CCR, actualmente se utiliza como marcador pronóstico, estadiaje, marcador de recurrencia, de respuesta al tratamiento y como indicador de metástasis a nivel hepático. Existen algunas patologías no neoplásicas que causan elevación de las cifras séricas de ACE. Actualmente se estudia al ACE como blanco de inmunoterapia dirigida a tumores que contengan células que expresen esta molécula.

Functional differences between two morphologically distinct cell subpopulations within a human colorectal carcinoma cell line

The LISP-I human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line was isolated from a hepatic metastasis at the Ludwig Institute, Säo Paulo, SP, Brazil. The objective of the present study was to isolate morphologically different subpopulations within the LISP-I cell line, and characterize some of their behavioral aspects such as adhesion to and migration towards extracellular matrix components, expression of intercellular adhesion molecules and tumorigenicity in vitro. Once isolated, the subpopulations were submitted to adhesion and migration assays on laminin and fibronectin (crucial proteins to invasion and metastasis), as well as to anchorage-independent growth. Two morphologically different subpopulations were isolated: LISP-A10 and LISP-E11. LISP-A10 presents a differentiated epithelial pattern, and LISP-E11 is fibroblastoid, suggesting a poorly differentiated pattern. LISP-A10 expressed the two intercellular adhesion molecules tested, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and desmoglein, while LISP-E11 expressed only low amounts of CEA. On the other hand, adhesion to laminin and fibronectin as well as migration towards these extracellular matrix proteins were higher in LISP-E11, as expected from its poorly differentiated phenotype. Both subpopulations showed anchorage-independent growth on a semi-solid substrate. These results raise the possibility that the heterogeneity found in the LISP-I cell line, which might have contributed to its ability to metastasize, was due to at least two different subpopulations herein identified

Evaluation of an anti-carcinoembryonic monoclonal antibody suitable for immunoscintigraphy

An anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody (mAb 6D1.1) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine its suitability as a tracer for immunoscintigraphy of colorectal carcinomas. Determination of mAb affinity for CEA showed a constant of association of 0.63 + or - 0.11 x 109 M-1. Binding of technetium-99m (99mTc)-6D1.1, labeled by a direct method, to human cultured lineages was highly specific. Binding to only CEA-positive LS-174T cells resulted in a saturable curve inhibited by pre-incubation with unlabeled mAb. No binding at all was observed for the human lineages MeWo (melanoma) or ZR75-30 (breast carcinoma), neither of them expressing CEA cells. Intravenous injection of 99mTc-6D1.1 into nude mice xenografted with human LS-174T tumors resulted in planar images of excellent quality. Localization of an irrelevant mAb labeled with either 99mTc or iodine-125 was never observed in tumor masses. Biodistribution studies on excised tumoral tissue showed retention of 28.48 percent of the injected dose per gram of LS-174T tumor. The tumor-to-blood ratio was 3.46. The same analysis performed on the other three human xenografted tumors studied demonstrated that only the CEA-producing HT-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) retained 99mTc-6D1.1 while the other two (ZR75-30 and MeWo) did not. These data demonstrate that this mAb is an adequate tool for targeting CEA-expressing tumors in experimental models

Immunohistochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in endocervical glandular lesions

Ten cases of microgl and ular hyperplasia and seven cases of adenocarcinoma of endocervical origin were studied by peroxidase- antiperoxidase method [PAP] for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]. Nine of the ten cases of benign lesions were negative and one was focally positive. Five of the seven adenocarcinomas were widely positive and two were focally positive. The results suggested that extensive immunohistochemical positivity for CEA in endocervical gl and ular lesions is indicative of malignancy

Carcinoembryonic antigen immunoereactivity patterns and tumour morphologic parameters in patients with colorectal cancer

The cellular expression of carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA] was studied immunohistochemically in 98 colorectal cancer specimens. The tumours were categorized into three groups according to the predominant staining pattern, which was either apical [26 cases], cytoplasmic [47 cases] or stromal [25 cases]. A significant correlation was found between CEA immunoreactivity patterns and either, the histologic grading [P < 0.001], nuclear grading [P < 0.001], mucin synthesis [P < 0.01], blood and lymph vessels invasion [P < 0.01], lymph nodes metastases [P < 0.01] or the number of the lymph nodes involved [P < 0.01]. So, well-differentiated tumours generally showed an apical CEA pattern, poorly differentiated tumours showed a stromal CEA pattern, whereas most moderately differentiated tumours showed a cytoplasmic CEA pattern. No statistically significant correlation was noted between CEA immunoreactivity patterns and the age and sex of the patients, location or gross appearance of the tumours or Dukes' classification. However, an inverse relationship was noted between CEA staining patterns and the size of tumours. We conclude that CEA immunoreactivity patterns can provide more data that are relevant for the prognosis of colorectal cancer. However, we advise a longer follow-up of the patients to study the relation between CEA patterns and both tumour recurrence and survival of the patients

Producción de un anticuerpo monoclonal para la detección de antígeno A del sistema ABO de grupos sanguíneos / Production of a monoclonal antibodies for the detection of antibody A of the ABO blood group system

Se demuestra en el presente trabajo la utilidad de anticuerpos monoclonales anti-grupo sanguíneo. A obtenidos a partir de un híbrido generado por fusión entre linfocitos de bazo de ratón inmunizado y células de mieloma. El clon productor del anticuerpo monoclonal, denominado B2/C114, fue propagado como tumor ascítico en ratones, lo que permitió su conservación y producción en gran escala. El reactivo obtenido es útil para la evaluación rutinaria de grupos sanguíneos, presentando gran avidez, estabilidad superior a 12 meses y alto título, condiciones que satisfacen ampliamente los requerimientos de seguridad diagnóstica y costo efectivo

Antígeno carcinoembrionário: aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais / Carcinoembryonic antigen: clinical and laboratory aspects

Faz-se uma revisäo da aplicabilidade do CEA no diagnóstico e monitorizaçäo clínica de pacientes com câncer do aparelho digestivo. Os aspectos bioquímicos do antígeno säo também avaliados

Trico epitelioma desmoplásico (harmatoma epitelial esclerosante) / Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma (sclerosing epithelial hamartoma)

Se reportan dos pacientes jóvenes que presentaron el cuadro clínico-patológico típico de Tricoepitelonia Desmoplásico (Hamartoma Epitelial Esclerosante) en la región facial. Biopsias fueron tomadas y procesadas mediante procedimientos de rutina y coloreadas con H & E, PAS y Verhoff. Ambas muestras fueron procesadas para la determinación de antígeno carcinoembrionario (CEA) y queratina mediante la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa por el sistema avidinabiotina. La ausencia de CEA en esta entidad, contrario a lo que se observa en siringoma, descarta el origen ductal del tricoepitelioma desmoplásico. Se presentan evidencias histológicas e inmunocitoquímicas (inmunerreacción positiva a la determinación de queratina en la pared y en el contenido luminar de las estructuras quísticas) que sugieren el origen pilar de esta entidad

Introduçäo de um novo marcador laboratorial para câncer de pâncreas (CA 19.9): experiência atual / A new laboratory marker for cancer of the pancreas (CA 19.9): current experience

Apresenta-se um novo marcador tumoral, o CA 19.9. Os estudos envolveram inicialmente 29 pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma gastrintestinal e de mama aonde näo se demonstrou qualquer tipo de especificidade, sendo os resultados obtidos no entanto superiores aos valores normais. Onze pacientes com câncer de pâncreas apresentaram os valores mais elevados do estudo, ao contrário de pacientes com doenças que estäo no diagnóstico diferencial de afecçöes pancreáticas. Um estudo comparativo entre o CEA e o CA 19.9 neste grupo de pacientes mostrou ser o CA 19.9 superior ao CEA na monitorizaçäo do câncer de pâncreas. Dos estudos pode-se ver que o CEA 19.9 se mostrou altamente específico para o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de pâncreas e altamente sensível para o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma. Provou ser também, no carcinoma de pâncreas, um melhor marcador que o CEA

Estudio inmunohistoquímico de antígenos del condiloma y carcino embrionario en el cérvix uterino con infección por virus del papiloma humano y con neoplasia / Immunohistochemical study of condyloma and carcino embryonic antigens in uterine cervix infected with human papilloma virus and with neoplasim

Con la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa PAP se intentó demostrar antígeno carcinoembrionario (ACE) en 37 biopsias de cérvix divididas en 4 grupos: 1) condiloma solo, 2) condiloma con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC), 3) carcinoma epidermoide invasor solo y 4) cérvix normal y con inflamación crónica. De las 37 biopsias 22 correspondieron a condiloma solo y condiloma asociado a NIC de diversos grados, y en 20 de ellas o sea 90,9% se obtuvieron resultados positivos. En los 7 caos de carcinoma epidermoide in situ e infiltrante la reacción también resultó positiva para ACE. Con la misma técnica se estudiaron 20 biopsias de cérvix de los 4 grupos, para tratar de demostrar antígenos de condiloma: únicamente en las 5 muestras de condiloma solo y en 3 de 4 condiloma, con NIC las reacciones fueron positivas. En cambio, en el carcinoma invasor y en el cérvix y con inflamación crónica, la reacción resultó negativa. Se concluyó que los signos histomorfológicos de infección cervical por virus del papiloma tiene un alto grado de certeza, que aparentemente la infección por virus del papiloma provoca una alteración en la diferenciación celular que se manifiesta por reaparición de ACE, y que el virus del papiloma probablemente juega un papel muy importante en la oncogénesis del carcinoma cervicouterino